BASIC FREEDOM STRUGGLE OF WEST PAPUA

By : Mr M.K.WALIKWhy the West Papuans want independence outside of Indonesia ?Why the people of West Papua still continue their struggle ?When are they going to stop fighting ?There are four factors that underlie the desire of the people of West Papua to have their own country sovereign and independent of any outside occupation , namely :1 . right2 . culture3 . historical background4 . reality nowad 1 . rightIndependence is the » right « based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( Universal Declaration on Human Rights ) which guarantees individual rights and rights - based International Konvenant Civil and Political Rights which guarantees the rights of the collective in which the right of self-determination ( the right to self - determination ) is set .» All peoples have the right of self - determination . By virtue of that right they freely Determine their political status and freely pursue their economic , social and cultural development - All peoples have the right of self-determination . On the basis of which they freely determine their political status and freely carry out their economic and cultural development «(International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , Article 1 ) . Nation is used in the meaning of People ( Roethof 1951:2 ) and can be distinguished from the concept State - Nation used in the sense of the People ( Roethof 1951:2 ) and can be distinguished from the concept of the State ( Riop Report # 1 ) . Riop wrote that a state may include some of the nation , nationality or people's means ( A state can include several nations , meaning Nationalities or Peoples ) .There are two types of the right to self - determination ( the right of self-determination ) , the external right to self - determination and the right to internal self - determination .External right to self - determination is the right of self-determination to establish a new state out of a country that has been there . Example : the right of self-determination for West Papua have a country other than the country of Indonesia. External right to self - determination , or rather self - determination of Nationalities , is the right of every nation to build its own state or decide Whether or not it will join another state , partly or wholly ( Roethof 1951:46 ) - The right external determination self , or more worth of self-determination of nations , is the right of every nation to form its own country or deciding whether or not to join with other countries , in part or in whole ( Riop Report # 1 ) . So , the people of West Papua may also decide to integrate into neighboring Papua New Guinea . Developments in Northern Ireland and Ireland show the same symptoms . Internal right to self - determination is the right of self-determination for ethnic group or nation to have a certain territory within the existing national boundaries . An ethnic group or a nation entitled to self-government , in the existing state boundaries , based on religion , language and its culture . In Indonesia, the Yogyakarta Special Region and Aceh Special Region . Government areas of this kind are usually overflowing with power autonomy or federal authority . Unfortunately , Yogyakarta and Aceh have never enjoyed autonomy that is right .ad 2 . culturePeople of West Papua , by definition , a nation or a part of the clumps are Melanesians in the Pacific , not the Malay race in Asia . People of West Papua have Melanesian culture . Melanesians inhabit the islands of Papua ( West Papua and Papua New Guinea ) , Bougainville , Solomons , Vanuatu , Kanaky ( New Caledonia ) and Fiji . Timor and the Moluccas , according to anthropology , is also part of Melanesia . While the Malay race consists of Javanese , Sundanese , Batak , Balinese , Dayak , Makassar , Bugis , Manado , and others .Using the term race here in no way mean that I am advocating racism . Also , I do not mean to advocate nationalism superior ala Adolf Hitler ( dictator of Germany during World War II ) . Adolf Hitler assumes that the Aryan race ( Germanic peoples ) is a superhuman degree and higher thinking skills than people of other racial origin . People of West Papua as part of the Melanesian nation Roethof refers to the view as stated in the ad 1 above .ad 3 . background HistoryExcept Indonesia and West Papua are equally a part of Dutch colonialism , both these countries really do not have a parallel line and along the historical development of political relations . Analysis is asthe following :First : Before the advent of foreign rule , every tribe , who have inhabited the West Papua since more than 50,000 years ago , led by tribal chiefs ( tribal leaders ) . For some areas , any democratically elected chiefs in some areas while other chiefs hereditary lifted . Up to now there are still the traditional system of government in some areas , where , for example , a Ondofolo still have some power in the Sentani and Ondoafi still respected by people around Yotefa in Numbai . From the traditional levels of government in West Papua there is a vertical line with the politics of ancient kingdoms in Indonesia at the time .Second : The people of West Papua have a different history with Indonesia against the Dutch and Japanese occupation . For example , the movement Koreri in Biak and its surroundings, which in the early 1940s actively opposed the rule Japan and the Netherlands , do not have a command line with the independence movement in Indonesia at the time . Koreri movement , under the leadership of Stephen Simopiaref and Angganita Menufandu , born based on personal awareness Melanesians to liberate themselves outside of foreign rule .Third : The duration of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia is not the same as the length of Dutch colonialism in West Papua . Indonesia was colonized by the Dutch for about 350 years and ended when the Netherlands recognized Indonesian independence on December 27, 1949 . West Papua , in practical politics , was colonized by the Dutch for 64 years ( 1898-1962 ) .Fourth : Limit state of Indonesia according to the proclamation of Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945 is of » Aceh to Ambon « , instead of » Sabang to Merauke « . Mohammed Hatta ( deceased ) , first vice president of Indonesia and others have actually opposed the inclusion of West Papua in Indonesia ( see annex I Karkara , principal Dutch East Indies by Ottis Simopiaref ) .Fifth : At the Round Table Conference ( 24 August to 2 November 1949) in The Hague ( the Netherlands ) has been agreed upon jointly by the Dutch and Indonesian governments that West Papua is not a part of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS ) . Nieuw - Guinea status will be determined by both parties a year later . ( See Appendix II on Karkara by Ottis Simopiaref ) .Sixth : West Papua has experienced a process of decolonization under Dutch rule . West Papua has had a national flag » Morning « , » Hi my land Papua « as the national anthem and the name of the state » West Papua « . Symbols is determined by the state of New Guinea Raad / NGR ( Board of New Guinea ) . NGR was established on 5 April 1961 the democratically by the people of West Papua in cooperation with the Dutch government . Name of state , national anthem and flag have been recognized by all the people of West Papua and the Dutch government .Seventh : From October 1, 1962 to May 1, 1963 , West Papua is a region the UN trusteeship under the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority ( UNTEA ) and from 1963 to 1969 , West Papua is an area of ​​international disputes (international dispute region ) . The second aspect highlights the history of West Papua in the world of international politics and also shows the difference in the development of Indonesian history that these two nations do not have the mutual relationship history .Eighth : Never held a plebiscite ( the Act ) in 1969 in West Papua that result debated in the UN General Assembly . Some UN member states did not agree with the results of the Act ( the Act ) because it is a modified Indonesian government . West Papua's problems over the agenda of the UN General Assembly underscored the value of history of West Papua in the world of international politics . Disapproval of some members of the UN and the UN mistake in accepting the results of an Act of the United Nations demanded that the motivation for re- repair history wrong . The error really violates the principles of the UN itself . ( Please see further point about the Act in Karkara by Ottis Simopiaref ) .Ninth : People of West Papua , through their leaders , since its inception has delivered various political statements to refuse to be part of the RI . Frans Kaisiepo ( deceased ) , former governor of West Irian , the Malino Conference 1946 in South Sulawesi , made ​​it clear that people do not want to be associated with a state of RI ( Plunder in Paradise by the Anti - Slavery Society ) . Johan Ariks ( late) , a popular figure in the West Papuans 1960s , explicitly expressed opposition to the inclusion of West Papua into Indonesia ( Plunder in Paradise by the Anti - Slavery Society ) . Angganita Menufandu ( late) and Stephen Simopiaref ( late) from Koreri Movement , King Ati Ati ( late) of the consortium , LR Jakadewa ( late) of the DVP - Demokratische Volkspartij , Lodewijk Mandatjan ( late) and Obeth Manupapami ( late) of PONG - Nieuw - Guinea Union man , Barend Mandatjan ( late) , Ferry Awom ( late) of the Papuan Battalion , Permenas Awom ( late) , Jufuway ( late) , Arnold Ap ( late) , Eliezer Bonay ( late) , Adolf Menase Suwae ( late) , Dr . Thomas Wainggai ( late) , Nicolaas Jouwe , Mark Wonggor Kaisiepo and others by way of each, at different times and sometimes in different places protesting against the presence of foreign rule in West Papua .ad 4 . reality NowWest Papuan people realize itself as a nation that colonized since the presence of foreign powers in West Papua . Remains a strong awareness from time to time that the people of West Papua have a unique identity that is different from other nations . In addition , the reliance on self everytime personal identity that is the basis of the struggle , the result of cruelty practices Indonesian colonialism . Resistance becomes increasingly harder as a result of ( 1 ) the brutal suppression , ( 2 ) the existence of space - wider movement in which one can express their opinions freely and ( 3 ) a flood of incoming information about the history of West Papua . People of West Papua is getting to know and get to know their history . Consciousness is the basis for transforming reality , as the late Paulo Freire ( Brasilia professor in science education ) writing . Fighting spirit becomes stronger as a result of consciousness itself .In 1984 occurred a massive exodus to neighboring Papua New Guinea and Papua, four young men Jopie Roemajauw , Ottis Simopiaref , Loth Sarakan ( late) and John Rumbiak ( late) entered the Dutch embassy in Jakarta to seek political asylum . Request political asylum in the Netherlands embassy is the first in the history of West Papua . Movement - led group Traditional Dance Music , Mambesak ( Biak language to Paradise ) under the leadership of Arnold Ap ( late) is a manifestation of anti-colonial politics that categorized the biggest since 1969 . Most members Mambesak refuge and domiciled in Papua New Guinea while a small portion is still active and in West Papua .Dr. . Thomas Wainggai ( late) led the big peace rally on December 14, 1988 to proclaim the independence of Western Melanesia ( West Papua ) . A year later on the same date again held a protest in Numbai ( indigenous name for Jayapura ) to commemorate December 14 . Dr. . Thom Wainggai sentenced to prison for 20 years , but he later died mysteriously in prison Cipinang . West Papua plagued with massive protests during 1996. Tembagapura raging like boiling water for three days (11-13 March) . Numbai burned on March 18, following the arrival of the corpse Thom Wainggai . Nabire turned upside - forth for 2 days (2-3 July) . One of the largest peaceful demonstration occurred early in July 1998 in Biak , Numbai , Wamena and Sorong , Manokwari later . One of the leaders of the movement in July 1998 were Drs . Phillip Karma . Drs . P. Karma along some of his friends being detained in prison Samofa , Biak while undergoing court proceedings . Movement in July 1998 is the largest because it covers large areas simultaneously moving and has a large amount of mass . Movement organized in July 1998 compared to the previous movements . In addition , movement in July 1998 to draw the attention of the world through the mass media that several foreign embassies in Jakarta delivered a warning to the armed forces in order to stop their brutality in West Papua . Thanks to the July 1998 West Papua Movement has become a popular issue in Indonesia today . In addition to the success that has been achieved there is the deepest sorrow that according to a report from PGI ( Indonesian Communion of Churches ) more than 140 people were missing and most of their bodies have been found stranded in Biak . According to the report , many women were raped before they were shot dead . Reality is full of repression , blood , rape , torture and murder , but the struggle still continues. West Papuan people realize and recognize the reality of their own . They have tasted how bitter realitias it . They live in and with a world filled with injustice , but the words of Martin Luther King was sung everywhere that » We Shall Overcome someday ! « ( We will win one day ! ) .The future : Not entitled to be sertakannya people of West Papua as subject matter in the Round Table Conference , the New York Agreement underlying the Act of Free Choice , Rome Agreement and the others were the self-determination rights abuses committed by the government ( state violence) in it is the government of Indonesia and the Netherlands . ( For Rome Agreement , please see the attachment on Karkara by Ottis Simopiaref ) . West Papuan people are not given the opportunity to vote democratically in the Act . Act of Free Choice means conjured up by the government of Indonesia to the Act . There was an understanding of the manipulation of the Act of Free Choice ( Non Unmute Provisions ) to the Act ( the Act ) . Ortiz Sans as the UN envoy who observe the course of the Act to report that the people of West Papua are not given the freedom to choose . The UN 's lack Ortiz to receive reports of abuse Sans is the right of self-determination . UN human rights abusing it against its own principles . This is where the motivation of the people of West Papua will keep fighting for the government of Indonesia , the Netherlands and the United Nations to re- fix their mistakes in the past . Since the annexation on May 1, 1963 , the Indonesian government has always propagate that the pro- independence West Papua only a handful of people who were guerrilla in the jungle . However , movement in July 1998 proved another in which the world has realized that if it held a free and fair referendum the people of West Papua will opt for independence outside Indonesia . Indonesian People are increasingly aware of this .According to the interim , it is estimated that approximately 400 thousand Papuans have died as a result of two things: the brutality of the military and political negligence government . Consciously or not , the Indonesian government has made black history in common with the history of Japan , Germany , the United Amerikat , Yugoslavia and Rwanda . Japan later apologizes for brutal occupying some regions in Asia - Pacific in the 1940s . Anti- German sentiment is still felt in many Western European countries . It makes the leaders and the people of Germany to stiffen when visiting countries didukinya ever , let alone to Israel . Various media in the world on December 4, 1998 submission preach forgiveness for the first time by the United States ( U.S. ) through luarnegerinya minister , Madeleine Albright . "The United States deplores » mistakes extreme « doing in Latin America during the cold war ," said Albright . When the U.S. supports dictators with the power of the ruling right in Latin America where there was a massacre of millions of people left . Hopefully Indonesia will be willing to change history is written with black apologized to the people of West Papua in the future . One by one, the war criminals in the former Yugoslavia has been dragged to the Yugoslavia Tribunal in The Hague , Netherlands . Agusto Pinochet , the former dictator of Chile, was examined in the UK to be extradited to Spain . He will be tried for the murder of thousands of people during his rule in Chile . An attempt is being made ​​untu